coup d'etat in ancient Malay Sultanate (Melaka) Part2

Part2.

Tun Ali bin Mani Purindan is brother to Raja Kassim's mother. As uncle, he couldn't bear to see Raja Kassim who's an able man and fit to be the sultan live as peasant , as compared to the minor king that's being used by Raja Rokan to impose his influence on the administration of the kingdom. Tun Ali had many fiends of Muslims traders who started to frequently harbouring Melaka port. Their numbers were increased from time to time since the conversion of Melaka sultan to Islam. They comprised of traders from Gujerat, Benggala, Bombay, Hadhramaut, Jeddah, Habshah,Persia, Turkey and other smaller states.

Some of the ships of Muslim traders were also equipped with sufficient weaponry for the protection from piracy or any other enemies. Tun Ali met some Arab ship captains and told them the situation in Melaka, the only way to save it is through coup d'etat, considering the current support towards palace had weakened due to abuse of power by Raja Rokan where many ministers and court officials were not in favor with the running of the throne. One ship capatain agreed to the condition if this plan is successful, he wanted the Raja Paraeswara Dewa Syah's (the minor king)mother, the Puteri Rokan, been given to be his wife as reward for his mercenaries. Tun Ali agreeable to that.

At one black night, all the muslims ships crews from Arabs and India assembled at the port of Melaka complete with fighting weapon, Tun Ali and local fighting from those who sympathized with the fate of Raja kassim joined the attacking army. They move in the night to Bendahara Seri Wak Raja residence, with Raja Kassim on top of an elephant they stopped at the Bendahara's main gate. Tun Ali came to Bendahara's house and called Bendahara said the king summons Bendahara ("titah memanggil Datok naik ke gajah!!") to join his highness on the elephant waiting outside the gate at once. And so Dato Bendahara Sri Wak Raja rushed underdressed to the elephant thinking it is the reigning king waiting for him.

To his surprise it was Raja Kassim, not Raja Parameswara Dewa Syah. And he saw many fighting men complete with war gears surround the Raja Kassim elephant. Bendahara understood they all were there to invade the palace and overthrow the raja Rokan's men. Bendahara cannot say much but to condone and saying "Raja Kassim pun tuan kepada kita juga" or Raja Kassim is my lord too.

The attacking party moved to the palace and attacked at once. It were chaos and havoc that night. Raja Kassim ordered the men not to kill Raja Rokan first , fearing his brother the minor king who's always inhis arms be killed if they do anything unto Raja Rokan, but the atmosphere was so noisy with men shouting and fighting. The palace was defended mostly by palace guards and Raja Rokan's loyal men. Some soldiers knowing that this is a coup d'etat by the elder prince, stayed away from the fight and be neutral,

The palace side was defeated and the ianvading fighters did not know Raja Kassim order. They especially those who has long dislikened Raja Rokan's attitude and manners attacked him and had succeed to injure him. Knowing he was inh=jured he then killed the minor king first whilst many tried to take the king away from him but Raja Rokan hugged the king so tightly. With no choice they finished the life of Raja Rokan.. and the minor King was already dead by Raja Rokan's keris.

Tun Ali had selected one beautiful palace attendant to impersonate like Puteri Rokan, and she's given to the Arab ship capatain who has cooperated to bring Muslims trader to join the invading team.

Raja Kassim then succeeded to become the next Melaka king with title Sultan Muzaffar Syah where he is the first to use Sultan as the king title replacing formerly used Raja.. since the use of name Sultan, Islam then was considered to become official religion to Melaka kingdom and later on by all malays throughout Malays Archipelagoes.

Ancient Mariner - the spirit and courage

"We're following the ancient Cinnamon Route," he says proudly, seated atop a coil of rope in the ship's bow as it skims across the Java Sea. "Indonesian ships sailed it thousands of years ago, bringing the spices of the islands to Africa and returning with iron, luxury goods such as ivory and leopard skins, and slaves. It was the beginning of global commerce."

Though largely unknown outside of the region, this was one of the first great achievements in marine exploration: centuries before anybody else engaged in regular long-distance voyages, mariners from the Malay Archipelago ruled the Indian Ocean. The Roman historian Pliny wrote in the first century A.D. about sailors arriving in Africa from the eastern sea on rafts, propelled not by sails but by "the spirit of man and human courage," carrying cinnamon and other spices.

Read more: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,480337,00.html#ixzz0dPqiCpgS

Funan - The Earliest Malay Kingdom

I strongly believe that the earliest Malay empire in this region was Kerajaan Funan (Atau Raja Gunung) yang memerintah seluruh Indocina (sekarang Vietnam, Kemboja, Laos dan Thailand), Segenting Kra, Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ataupun Hujung Tanah dan Kepulauan sekitarnya. Hanya disebabkan sekarang masing2 mempunyai negara masing2 dan cuba menghapuskan kebenaran fakta bahawa pada awalnya abad pertama hingga ke tujuh pusat pemerintahan orang Melayu adalah di Tanah Besar sebelum berlaku perpecahan dan peperangan yang terlalu kerap, maka berlakulah migrasi atau perpindahan kawasan kekuasaan atau ketuanan dari Funan di utara menurun ke selatan di kawasan Langkasuka dan Pantai Timur di kawasan Kelantan, Petani, Yala dan Ligor. Disitulah kembalinya bertapak kerajaan Melayu yg runtuh dari Funan, menjadi asas kepada kerajaan Sri Vijaya di mana selepas beberapa tempoh, Raja Jayanasa dengan angkatan tenteranya sebanyak 20,000 orang beserta pengikut dan kaum keluarganya telah berhijrah ke pulau Sumatera di Palembang dan kembali menguasai seluruh kawasan kepulauan Sumatera, Riau, Borneo, Mindanao, Maluku dan Sulawesi. Kerajaan Sri Vijaya dan keluarga diraja Sailendra di pulau Jawa barat mengakui bahawa mereka adalah keturunan raja-raja gunung iaitu Funan. Maka di sini kita dapat lihat kesinambungannya pd abad pertama hingga ke 7, kerjaan Funan yg paling besar dan berkuasa di Asia Tenggara, kemudian setelah ia runtuh, berkerajaan sementara di utara semenanjung sehingga mereka memutuskan untuk menjadikan Palembang sebagai ibukota baru pada abad ke 8 dengan nama baru iaitu Sri Vijaya sempena berjayanya mereka mendapatkan kekuasaan memerintah di Asia Tenggara serta kembali menguasai laluan dagangan yg amat penting antara timur dan barat iaitu Laut China Selatan dan Selat Melaka. Kembali kepada kerajaan Funan, kita dapat saksikan betapa kukuhnya bangsa ini walaupun dihimpit dengan kuasa2 baru iaitu Annam (Vietnam), Khmer (Kemboja) dan Siam (Thailand) bangsa Melayu Champa telah dilindungi Tuhan untuk kekal sehingga sekarang menjadi sebahagian dari masyarakat utama di Kemboja masakini di kawasan Kompong Cham ("Kampung Champa") dan sekitarnya. Merekalah pewaris yang tabah dan kekal di tanah besar Indo China sehingga sekarang walaupun cuba dihapuskan oleh kerjaan Annam dan cuba dihapuskan oleh Khmer Rouge, namun Alhamdulillah ia selamat dan dapat dikekalkan sebagai tanda bahawa orang Melayu pernah berkuasa di sana. Apa yg perlu dilakukan adalah dengan mengekalkan persaudaraan dan saling bantu membantu dengan masyarakat melayu kemboja (champa) ini sebagai saudara kita juga, dengan membenarkan mereka juga berniaga di Semenanjung ini disamping saudara2 yang lain dari Indonesia, selatan Thailand dan juga filipina yg diaku sebagai saudara ras Melayu. Maka boleh kita simpulkan bahawa turutan kesinambungan kerajaan Melayu adalah seperti berikut - Kerajaan Funan 1st Century - 7th Century Empayar Sri Vijaya 8th Century - 14th Century (the longest empire) Kesultanan Melaka 15th Century - early 16th Century Kesultanan Johor Riau 16th Century - 18th Century Colonial Era 18th Century - 19th Century - early 20th century Modern Day Malaysia, Indonesia & Brunei sekarang sekian

Melaka - A continuity of Sri Vijaya

i subscribe to the fact that Sri Vijaya was more prominent/greater as malay kingdom/empire than Melaka. In fact Melaka is just a continuity of Sri Vijaya kingdom or can be said as the new capital of Sri Vijaya replacing Palembang that was weakened, under threatened and overshadowed by the rising of Majapahit in 14th ad. In her golden period, more than 7 centuries of lordship in nusantara, Sri Vijaya was far greater, supreme, stronger, richer than Melaka empire, which Sri Vijaya, a malay-buddhist kingdom, encompassed most of the area in south east asia ,except part of java ruled under hindhu dynasties,all states in sumatera suvarnadvipa, malay peninsular (hujung tanah)suvarnabhumi, borneo island, south philipines, sulawesi, malay and spice archipelago like maluku,Where all this states were enjoying united under a well structured administration of Sri Vijayan emperor for many centuries, from 7th to 13th century, which then gradually weakened by internal conflicts, politics, rebellion, and external threats from south india (the Chola kingdom/raja suran), siam (threating areas in the peninsular)and then overthrown by uprising Majapahit kingdom/empire who take over control on south east asian from sri vijaya in 13th & 14th century. Majapahit had gained confidence and motivation from their success in defeating and throw out Kublai Khan Monggol army sent to nusantara. from that point highly spirit Majapahit become the victor expand and took control of south east asia (a lucrative trading path/route for east & west incl. selat melaka, selat riau and selat sunda) from the weakened Sri Vijaya. Majapahit held the lordship in SEA for about 2 centuries (13th & 14th century) until the last descendents/prince of SriVijaya royalty Adityavarman and Parameswara decided to abandoned city of Palembang which is no more safe and suit as a capital being attacked for many times. Adiyavarman royal lineage remains in Sumatera with a new capital and kingdom in minangkabau west sumatera (Pagaruyung), and Parameswara with his royal lineage and loyalties then seek fortune as sea nomadic king, for years, around Riau & Temasik archipelago, moving from a place to another place carrying his households and regalias of SriVijaya years by years. Until he bcomes old, finally he founded Melaka and reestablish the kingdom with the supports of the loyal followers from the ramaining royalties, noblemen, sea people as the guardian/army from small kingdoms of malay islands/archipelago like bentan, riau, temasik, lingga, buru, siantan and with some supports from the malay-bugis clan/tribe who were the sea merceneries and spice traders. And from newly found Melaka, Parameswara had reestablished the old sri vijayan customs, ranks,administration, protocols, laws, agreements and trades back. In Sulalatus Salatin, it were always written quotations like," ...just like the rules and customs of the old kingdom" which refers to Sri Vijayan rules & customs. With lessons and experience learned from fugitive years, quickly Parameswara build the port of Melaka structuredly with facilities and settlements for trading, to reglorify sri vijayan. with loyal support of sea peoples, Melaka had gained security & defence around trading sea routes of Selat riau and selat melaka to protect and safe trading for all ships and traders passing through the seas around malay archipelago/islands and straits. Friendship with Ming Dynasty has contributed to booming trade in Melaka where China has become friend and protector to the Melaka Kingdom from Siam threats. All chinese ships enjoyed peace, safe trading and protection throughout the malay archipelago and straits, free of pirates, under a good friendships and exchange of envoys/missions of Melaka and the Ming Dynasty. So many documents tell us about diplomatic envoys, royal visits and missions within these two nations. enjoyed peace, safe trading and protection throughout the malay archipelago and straits, free of pirates, under a good friendships and exchange of envoys/missions of Melaka and the Ming Dynasty. So many documents tell us about diplomatic envoys, royal visits and missions within these two nations. Trading from east and west exchanging their trades, barter trade and fortunes in Melaka as a meeting place and emporium to the east asian, where all goods, commodity, golds and trades are in Melaka. Not only China, the Japan, from the Ryukyu kingdom was also established trading ties with Melaka as evidence from some documents and findings in ancient Ryukyu kingdom of south Japan. In this era that last only for a century,(15th ce) asians had enjoyed a prosperous trading port with customs, profitting each others, the malays, the chinese, the indians, the arabs,the persians, some caucusians and the africans all have their parts and roles gaining wealth without envy under the administrative trading laws & regulations of Melaka that was written for fair trade for all races, where taxation, weights, shipping, cargoes and lots on deck were insured, shares,offences,fines, punishment, religion and protocols were clearly defined in the Canon Laws of Melaka (Hukum Kanun Melaka, like modern days' act & regulatories), and Maritime Laws of Melaka (Undang-undang Laut Melaka). It was evidenced that about 84 different languages spoken or can be heard on the streets of the city of Melaka. That indicates how cosmopolitan multi racial population can live and doing business in one place under a proper and fair administrative system of Melaka. Until a weak ruler come to the throne, at the peak of its era, Sultan Mahmud Shah, the last sultan of melaka, then it is time of treachery, bribery, complacent and arrogant the malay kingdom had ever been. In the last of its days, the Melaka sultanate was full with turbulence, slandering and conspiracy, and the noblemen and king were ill advised by corrupted officials bribed by competing wealthy greedy merchants like raja medeliar, si kitol and naina chatu that has contributed to the falls of melaka from within. At port, foreign traders started to be restless with the corrupted systems and make them disheartened with the current king of melaka administive style. The coming of Portuguese was at the right time when Melaka was already weakened from within and foreign traders have no more respect to the king of Melaka at that time, of his arrogance, ill advised and spoiled. After that, the malays have to suffer from continuous attacks from outside for hundred years. But God saves the sultans and noblemen bloodlines, for them still remain until today but not with the absolute former great kingdom and lordships but with small states throughout south east asian nowadays like current small states sultanate of Perak, Kedah, Selangor, Brunei, Johor, Pahang, Terengganu, Kelantan, Negeri Sembilan and Perlis, and some still respected royal house like in mataram keraton and the bugis lords around riau archipelago, maybe, for their contributions in receiving and establishing peacefully Islam from the palace to the people and the followers throughout the nusantara. And now we are enjoying as the muslim countries in the south east asian as Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei as well as the south Filipina and Thailand and Kemboja.

Sri Vijaya & Melaka

Svasti.cri cakavarsatita 606 dim dvitiya cuklapaksa vulan caitra.sana tatkalana parlak Criksetra ini.niparvuat parvan dapunta hyang Cri Yayanaca (-ga) ini pranidhanan dapunta hyang savanakna yang nitanam di sini.niyur pinang hanau rumviya dngan samicrana yang kayu nimakan vuahna.tathapi haur vuluh pattung ityevamadi.punarapi yang varlak verkan dngan savad tlaga savanakna yang vualtku sucarita paravis prayojanakan punyana sarvvasatva sacaracara.varopayana tmu sukha di asannakala di antara margga lai.tmu muah ya ahara dngan air niminumna.savanakna vuatna huma parlak mancak muah ya manghidupi pacu prakara.marhulun tuvi vrddhi muah ya jangam ya niknai savanakna yang upasargga.pidana svapnavighna.varang vuatana kathamapi.anukula yang graha naksatra pravis diya.Nirvyadhi ajara kavuatanana.tathapi savanakna yam khrtyana satyarjjava drdhabhakti muah ya dya.yang mitrana tuvi janan ya kapata yang vivina mulang anukala bharyya muah ya.varamsthanana lagi curi ucca vadhana paradara di sana punarapi tmu ya kalyanamitra. marvvangun vodhicitta dngan maitridhari di dang hyang ratnaraya jangan marsarak dngan dang hyang ratnaraya.tathapi nityakala tyaga marcila ksanti marvvangun viryya rajin tahu di samicrana cilpakala paravis.samahitacinta.tmu ya prajna smrti medhavi.punarapi dhairyyamani mahasattva vajracarira.anubamacakti.jaya tathapi jatismara.avikalendriya.mancak rupa.subjaga hasin halap.ade yavakya vrahmasvara.jadi laki.svayambtu.puna (ra) pi tmu ya cintamaninidhana tmu janmavacita. karmmavacita clecavacitaavasana tmu ya anuttarabhisamyaksam vodhi. Bahasa Melayu Kuno yang dapat kita kesan daripada batu bersurat di atas di antara lain ialah: vulan = bulan tatkalana = tatkalanya nivarbuat = diperbuat savanakna = sebanyaknya nitanam = ditanam niyur = nyiur hanau = enau rumvia = rumbia dngan = dengan nimakan = dimakan vuahna = buahnya tathapi = tetapi haur = aur vuluh = buluh pattung = betung tlaga = telaga punyana = punyanya tmu = temu, bertemu margga = marga sukha = suka niminumna = diminumnya savanakna = sebanyaknya, sebanyak-banyaknya vuatna = buatnya manghidupi = menghidupi prakara = perkara varang = barang vuatana = buatannya marvvangun = membangun Harun Aminurrashid mengutip terjemahan Slametmuljana berkenaan dengan bahasa yang terdapat pada Batu Bersurat Talang Tuwo tersebut adalah seperti yang berikut ini: Bahagia! Tahun Saka 606 pada hari kedua bulan terang caitra, itulah waktunya taman Sriksetra ini diperbuat, milik Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanaga. Ini Pesan Dapunta Hyang: Semuanya yang ditanam di sini; nyiur, pinang, enau, rumbia dan lain-lain yang (berupa) pohon, dimakan buahnya, serta aur, buluh betung dan yang semacam itu. Demikian pula taman-taman lainnya dengan tebat telaga, semuanya yang kuperbuat, semua perbuatan baik, dimaksud untuk kebahagiaan semua makhluk yang bergerak dan tidak bergerak. Hendaklah daya upaya beliau yang sangat baik itu mendapat kesukaan di kemudian hari dengan jalan lain. Semoga beliau mendapatlah makanan dan air untuk minumnya. Semuanya yang dibuatnya; ladang, kebun luas, menghidupi binatang-binatang, ramai para abdi suburlah. Jauhkanlah beliau dari segala bencana, siksaan dan penyakit tidak dapat tidur. Bagaimanapun barang usahanya hendaknya berhasil baik, binatang-binatang lengkap semua, beliau dari sakit, dibuat awet muda. Dan lagi hendaklah semua yang disebut abdi setia baktilah mereka pada beliau. Yang menjadi sahabat beliau janganlah mereka itu menderhaka pada beliau; yang menjadi bini beliau hendaklah tetap setia sebagai isteri pada beliau. Di manapun beliau berada, janganlah dilakukan curi, curang, bunuh dan zina di situ. Dan lagi, hendaklah beliau bertemu dengan khalyanamitra, membangun bodhichita dengan maitri, menjadi pertapa pada dang hyang Ratnatraya, melainkan sentiasa teguh bersila dengan senang membangun tenaga, keuliten, pengetahuan tentang perbezaan semua sipakala dan pemusatan fikiran. Mudah-mudahan beliau memperoleh pengetahuan, ingatan dan kecerdasan dan lagi ketetapan mahasatwa badan manikam vajracarira yang sakti tanpa upama, kemenangan, dan lagi ingatan kepada kelahiran yang sudah lampau, indria lengkap, rupa penuh, kebahagiaan, kegembiraan, ketenangan, kata manis, suara Brahma, jadi lelaki kerana kekuatannya sendiri, hendaklah beliau memperoleh cintamaninidhara, memperoleh janmawacita, karmmawacita, akhirnya beliau mendapat anuttarabisamyaksambodhi.